Characteristics of Each Vessel Head of Pressure Vessel

Compare the characteristics of hemispherical, ellipsoidal, torispherical head, conical end and flat cap heads in terms of force and manufacture, and explain their main applications.

A head is one of the end caps on a cylindrically shaped pressure vessel.

(1)Hemispherical head

Under the action of uniform internal pressure, the film stress of thin-walled spherical container is half of that of cylindrical body with the same diameter. However, the disadvantage is that the depth is large, when the diameter is small, the whole stamping is difficult, and the large diameter adopts split flap stamping and its welding workload is also larger. Hemispherical head is commonly used in high pressure vessel.

(2)Ellipsoidal head/Elliptical head

The curvature change of ellipsoidal part is smooth and continuous, so the stress distribution is more uniform, and the depth of ellipsoidal head is much smaller than that of hemispherical head, which is easy to press molding, and it is one of the heads with more applications in medium and low-pressure containers at present.

(3)Torispherical head

It is a discontinuous surface, at the connection of two surfaces with sudden change of warp radius of curvature, there exists large edge bending stress due to large change of curvature. The edge bending stress is superimposed with film stress, so that the stress in this part is much higher than other parts, so the stress condition is not good. However, the existence of transition ring shell reduces the depth of head and facilitates the molding process, and the steel mold processing of pressed disc head is simple, so that the application range of disc head is wider.

(4)Conical head

The structure is discontinuous and the stress distribution of conical shell is not ideal, but its special structural form is favorable for the discharge of solid particles and suspended or viscous liquid, and it can be used as the intermediate transition section of cylinders of different diameters, thus it is more commonly used in medium and low pressure vessels.

(5)Flat cover

The thickness calculation of flat cover is based on the stress analysis of circular flat plate, which is mainly used for vessels with smaller diameter and higher pressure.

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